Numeral system
It is a writing system for expressing numerals, that is, a mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a standard manner. It also reflect the algebraic and arithmetic structure of the numbers (positional notation).Number: A number is an idea about counting & measurement.
Numeral: A numeral is a symbol or word that represents a number. It is made up of digits.
𝜋 is a special number that can't be written exactly.
Different types of numeral systems are
Unary Numeral System (base-1)(tally marks)
Binary Numeral ystemS (base-2)
Decimal Numeral System (base-10)
Sexagesimal Numeral System (base-60)
Roman Numeral System (Letters)
Decimal Numeral System
It is most commonly used numeral system. Ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are used to represent numerals uniquely by arranging them at different position called Places (ones, tens etc). Every next position to the left is ten time bigger than the position to its right.Structure of Integers
Place at the most right in a numeral is called units or ones place.( Place value of the digit at ones =1 ×face value of the digit)
Place at the left of ones is called tens place.
( Place value of the digit at tens = 10 ×face value of the digit)
Place at the left of tens is called hundreds place.
( Place value of the digit at hundreds = 100 ×face value of the digit)
Place at the left of hundreds is called thousands place.
( Place value of the digit at thousands = 1000 ×face value of the digit)
e.g., 124 can be expanded as
124 = 100×1 + 10×2 + 1×4
Can a fraction be represented in decimal numeral system ?
Every next position to the left is ten time bigger than the position to its right. This implies that if we move from left to right every place get ten times smaller.
But what if we continue past ones? What is ten times smaller than ones?
It is 1/10 called tenths.
Place next to the right of tenths (& ten time smaller) is called hundredths (1/100).
Place next to the right of hundredths (& ten time smaller) is called thousandths (1/1000).
Decimal numbers
Numbers having both integral part and fractional part is called decimal numbers or simply decimals.
↪ To differentiate between integral part and fractional part in a decimal, we put a point (or dot) in between called decimal point (⦁).
↪ e.g., 12.47 (read as twelve and forty seven hundredths or twelve point four seven)12 on the left side of decimal point is the integral part. 1 is at tens place & 2 is at units place.
47 on the right of decimal point is the fractional part. 4 is at tenths place & 7 is at hundredths place.
↪ We can expand 12.47 as following
12.47 = 10×2 + 1×2 + 1/10 ×4 + 1/100 ×7
↪ We can write a decimal as :
→ Integer plus decimal fractions (tenths, hundredths ...)
12.47 = 12 + 4/10 + 7/100
→ Integer plus decimal fraction or mixed fraction
12.47 = 12 + 47/100 = 1247/100
→ Decimal fraction
12.47 = 1247/100
↬ Decimals enable us to write very large numbers as well as very small numbers.
Reading Decimals
We can read a decimal in two ways :→ The Integer (of the integral part) + AND + the Decimal Fraction (of the fractional part).
We read "and" in place of the decimal point.
45.7 – Forty five and seven tenths
21.57 – Twenty one and fifty seven hundredths
3.576 – Three and five hundred seventy six thousandths
0.25 – Twenty five hundredths
→ The Integer (of the integral part) + POINT + the individual digits (of the fractional part)
45.7 – Forty five point seven
21.57 – Twenty one point five seven
3.576 – Three point five seven six
0.25 – Zero point Two five / Point two five
Representing Decimals on number line :
→ Locate integral part on the number line.→ Divide the next unit distance into 10 (for decimal up to 10th place) or 100 (for decimal up to 100th place) equal parts.
→ Locate the fractional part.
→ e.g., to show 1.5 on number line, first locate the integral part one on the number line. Next we have to add .5 (or 5/10) to 1, for that we divide distance between 1 & 2 in 10 equal parts. 5th part on this division shows 5/10 .Thus, this point is 1.5.
Decimal to fraction
↪ 0.1 = 1/10,0.2 = 2/10 = 1/5 ( in the lowest term)
0.3 = 3/10
↪ 0.01 = 1/100,
0.02 = 2/100 = 1/50 ( in the lowest term)
0.37 = 37/100
0.75 = 75/100 = 3/4 ( in the lowest term)
3.75 = 375/100 = 15/4 ( in the lowest term)
∴ To write decimal as fraction, first we count the number of digits after decimal point then put the same number of zeros after 1 in the denominator of the fraction and then, simply the fraction to its lowest term.
Fraction to decimal
We know that in decimal notation,1/10 = .1,
1/100 = .01,
1/1000 = .001
Fraction with denominator 10
↬ 1/10 = .1,
2/10 = .2
So, for the proper fraction with denominator 10 (or any single digit integer n),
n/10 = .n
5/10 = .5
↬ For improper (or mixed) fraction with denominator 10
17/10 = 1 + 7/10 = 1 +.7 = 1.7
23/10 = 2 + 3/10 = 2 +.3 = 2.3
157/10 = 15 + 7/10 = 15 +.7 = 15.7
So, for the improper (or mixed) fraction with denominator 10, place decimal point before first digit from the right of the number.
Fraction with denominator 100
↬ 1/100 = .01,
2/100 = .02,
21/100 = .21
So, for the proper fraction with denominator 100
n/100 = .0n (any single digit integer n),
m/100 = .m (any double digit integer m),
↬ For improper (or mixed) fraction with denominator 100
157/100 = 1+ 57/100 = 1 + .57 = 1.57
So, for the improper (or mixed) fraction with denominator 100, place decimal point before second digit from the right of the number.
∴ To write fraction whose denominator is multiple of 10 as decimal, we simply count the number of zeros in the denominator and place the decimal point before the same number of digits from the right in the numerator.
Fraction with denominator other than multiple of 10 (other than 10, 100, ...)
First we find the equivalent fraction whose denominator is multiple of 10 (i.e., a decimal fraction) and then proceed as above.
11/5 = 11×2/5×2 = 22/10 = 2.2
1/2 = 1×5/2×5 = 5/10 = 0.5
Comparing Decimals :
↬ Decimal with greater integral part will be greater among other decimals.1.2 > 0.2, 7.2 > 6.2, 42.75 > 8.32
↬ For decimals having equal integral parts, we compare their tenths,
1.24 > 1.12, 7.7 > 7.6, 32.75 > 32.45, 0.2 > 0.0
↬ For decimals having equal integral parts and equal tenths, we compare their hundredths,
1.24 > 1.23, 7.76 > 7.71, 32.75 > 32.76, 0.21 > 0.20
Addition & Subtraction of Decimals :
↪ Write down the decimal numbers, one under the other, with the decimal points lined up.↪ Add zeros to the beginning or end as required in decimals (not in between) so the numbers have the same length.
↪ Add zeros to integers after putting decimal point to match up the length.
↪ Then add/subtract using column addition like we do in integers.
↪ Put the decimal point below in line in the sum .
| 00.007 + 08.500 | 11.600 − 09.847 | 0 are added to match up the length. |
| = 38.587 | = 01.753 |
Ex: Simplify the following.
(i) 200 + 30 + 5 + 2/10 + 9/100
(ii) 16 + 3/10 − 5/1000 = 16 + 0.3 − 0.005 = 16.305
Solution:
(i) 200 + 30 + 5 + 2/10 + 9/100
= 235 + 0.2 + 0.09
= 235 + 0.20 + 0.09
= 235 + 0.29
= 235.29
(ii) 16 + 3/10 − 5/1000
= 16 + 0.3 − 0.005
= 16 + 0.300 − 0.005
= 16 + 0.295
= 16.295
Some applications of Decimals
↬ Money100 paise = Re 1
⇒ 1 paise = Re 1/100 = Re 0.01
⇒ 65 paise = Re 65/100 = Re 0.65
⇒ 105 paise = 100paise + 5 paise = Re 1 + Re 0.05 = Re 1.05
↬ Length
100 cm = 1 m
⇒ 1 m = 1/100 m = 0.01 m
⇒ 56 cm = 56/100 cm = 0.56 cm
⇒ 209 cm = 200cm + 9 cm = 2 m + 0.09 m = 2.09 m.
↬ Weight
1000 g = 1 kg
⇒ 1 g = 1/1000 kg = 0.001 kg
⇒ 56 g = 56/1000 kg = 0.056 kg
⇒ 209 g = 209/1000 kg = 0.209 kg
⇒ 5049 g = 5000 g+ 49 g = 5 kg + 0.049 kg = 5.049 kg
| Multiplication & Division of Fractions | |